Kendala Bahasa, tidak sekedar Kendala Budaya
Walau saya suka menulis, menulis dalam konteks curhat. Tapi saya meyakini untuk bisa menulis maka harus punya skill yang baik. Vocabulary, misalnya. Mungkin pada dasarnya kemampuan berbahasa saya kurang baik. Tapi sekarang saya mencoba membuat tulisan dengan lebih mendalam maknanya, paling tidak dalam selain bahasa Indonesia, contoh bahasa Jawa: e.g ewuh pakewuh.
Contoh semantic menjadi kajian yang menarik dalam sebuah tulisan, sebagai contoh perulangan kata:
- Falah 40x
Security theater
Security theater is the practice of taking security measures that are considered to provide the feeling of improved security while doing little or nothing to achieve it.
Keyword:
- Bahaya
- Denda
- Melanggar, Hukum, Pasal X Ayat Y
Karakter, Prasangka dan Kenaifan
Jaman sekarang, menurut saya, orang yang hidupnya selalu berprasangka baik itu sangat jarang. Kadang kala, yang terlalu baik, terlalu berprasangka baik itu malah jadi bulan-bulanan, jadi dikerjain oleh orang lain. Tapi menurut saya, berprasangka baik itu wajib.
CSV Humanity: Love, Kindness, Social Intelligence
Naive: Apparent or actual lack of experience and sophistication, often describing a neglect of pragmatism in favor of moral idealism.
Ewuh pekewuh (sungkan) yang bersinggungan dengan prasangka kritis
Linguistic of islamic ethics
It is similar with stress, the biggest issues in Islamic ethics is lingustic. Is a language. A term in one language might be translated in different term, and there is no exact translation -including idiom that depending on the region, time, culture and perception.
For example, I always thought that Ikhlas (Tulus/sincere) means Rela (willing, ready). Tulus in Indonesia means bersih hati, usually followed by tanpa pamrih. For example “saya siap membantu dengan ikhlas tanpa pamrih = I am ready to help sincerely without strings attached”. Notes: pamrih = imbalan = reward = no strings attached. Ikhlas mean Rela, is correct however when its seing in the bigger context it is wider than that. For example:
Sabar: Patience, accepting situation/fate/God’s plan -usually bad situation
Syukur: Grateful, accepting situation -usually good situation. Humility vs Arrogant
Ikhlas : Sincere, accepting situation, more with action.
Sabar, Syukur, Ikhlas is the way we interpret the situation. Ikhtiar is before that, means persistent, to keep trying. And tawakkal is the later, means submissions.
Islamic ethics is ethics in which the Islamic tenets govern the values of right, wrong, good, and bad. Ethics is one of the three interrelated fundamental constructs of Islam, which are aqidah (faith), shariah (Islamic legal systems), and ahlaq (Islamic ethics).
Imam Al-Ghazali: Syukur atas nikmat lebih utama daripada sabar atas bala atau musibah.
Sabar dan Syukur tidak bisa dipisahkan. Bahwa sabar adalah setengah bagian dari iman, sementara setengah bagian yang lain adalah syukur.
Sabar artinya ketegaran hati terhadap takdir Allah dan hukum-hukum syari’at.
Syukur artinya meyakini bahwa tidak ada yang memberi nikmat kecuali Allah. Syukur artinya menampakan nikmat Allah melalui lisan dengan cara memuji dan mengakui, melalui hati dengan cara meyakini dan mencintai, serta melalui anggota badan dengan ketaatan.
The word ikhlas in Arabic means “sincerity, purity, isolation” and so on. When used in a general sense in Islamic literature, it refers to sincerity and purity of intention and motive in worship of Allah.
Allah says: (They have been ordered no more than this: To worship Allah sincerely, being true (in faith), to establish the prayer, and to give zakah. And that is the worthy religion) (Al-Bayyinah 98: 5). https://quran.com/98/5
(Say: “I am but a man like yourselves but to whom it is revealed that your Lord is only One God. So whoever hopes to meet his Lord let him work righteousness, and let him not associate anyone with Him in worship) (Al-Kahf 18: 110) https://quran.com/18/110
In the Islamic context, sincerity (Ikhlas) means: being free from worldly motives and it is against hypocrisy. In the Qur’an, all acts of worship and human life should be motivated by the pleasure of God, and the prophets of God have called man to sincere servitude in all aspects of life. Sincerity in Islam is divided into sincerity in belief and sincerity in action. Sincerity in belief means monotheism; in other words not associating partners with God, and sincerity in action means performing sincere worship only for God
Beyond the Western culture, sincerity is notably developed as a virtue in Confucian societies (China, Korea, and Japan).
Seven Deadly Sins
Judulnya memang Seven Deadly Sins, karena nanti ini terkait dengan Seven Virtue. Tapi sebenarnya ini topik yang sangat terkait antara mental health, emotion, characters (virtue), moral, dan ethics. Dalam tataran konsep sebenarnya ini sederhana saja. Pastinya banyak issues linguistic (terjemahan yang berbeda-beda tapi maknanya sama).
- Sabar (endurance, perseverance, persistence, en:Sabr)
- Syukur (thankfulness, gratitude or acknowledgment, en: Shukr)
- Takwa (conscious and cognizant of God, of truth, piety, fear of God, en: Taqwa)
- Tawadhu: Islam can be interpreted as surrender, humility, other words used are tawadu and khoshou (khusyu)
- Tawakkal: Reliance on God or “trusting in God’s plan, en: Tawakkul)
Imam Ahmad said, “Allāh has mentioned ṣabr (patient perseverance) in over ninety places in His Book (Quran).” Related by Ibn al-Qayyim in Madārij as-Sālikīn (2/152)
Sepuluh Akhlak Mulia dalam Al Quran
- Jujur/ Benar dalam Iman (Ash-Shidq)
“Hai orang-orang yang beriman bertakwalah kepada Allah, dan hendaklah kamu bersama orang-orang yang benar” At-Taubah,9:119 https://quran.com/9/119 - Rendah Hati (Ath-Tawadhu’)
“Dan rendahkanlah dirimu terhadap orang-orang yang mengikutimu, yaitu orang-orang yang beriman.” Asy-Syu’ara’ 26:215 https://quran.com/26/215 - Lemah Lembut (Ar-Rifq)
“Maka berbicaralah kamu berdua kepadanya (Fir’aun) dengan kata-kata yang lemah lembut…” Thaha 20:44 https://quran.com/20/44 - Sabar (Ash-Shabr)
“Hai orang-orang yang beriman, bersabarlah kamu dan kuatkanlah kesabaranmu…” Ali ‘Imran 3:200 https://quran.com/3/200 - Kasih Sayang (Ar-Rahmah)
“Dan rendahkanlah dirimu terhadap mereka berdua (orangtua) dengan penuh kesayangan” Al-Isra’ 17:24 https://quran.com/17/24 - Malu (Al-Haya’)
“Tidaklah dia mengetahui bahwa sesungguhnya Allah melihat segala perbuatannya?” Al-‘Alaq 96:14 https://quran.com/96/14 - Dapat Dipercaya (Al-Amanah)
“Sesungguhnya Allah menyuruh kamu menyampaikan amanat kepada yang berhak menerimanya…” An-Nisa’ 4:58 https://quran.com/4/58 - Pemaaf (Al-‘Afuw)
“…Maka maafkanlah mereka dan biarkan mereka,…” Al Ma’idah 5:13 https://quran.com/5/13 - Bersyukur (Asy-Syukr)
“Dan (ingatlah juga), tatkala Tuhanmu memaklumkan; ‘Sesungguhnya jika kamu bersyukur, pasti Kami akan menambah (nikmat) kepadamu…’” Ibrahim 14:7 https://quran.com/14/7 - Istiqamah di Atas Kebenaran
“Maka tetaplah kamu pada jalan yang benar, sebagaimana diperintahkan kepadamu…” Hud 11:112 https://quran.com/11/112
*Tinggi Mana, Takwa atau Syukur? Ini Penjelasan Gus Baha
The seven main sins in Islam are more comparable to the Ten Commandments rather than the seven deadly sins.
The Prophet (pbuh) explained the seven sins that doom a person to Hell in a saheeh hadith that was narrated by the two Shaykhs, al-Bukhaari and Muslim, in as-Saheehayn, in which it was narrated that the Prophet (pbuh) said, “Avoid the seven sins that doom a person to Hell.” We said, “What are they, O Messenger of Allah? He said, “Associating others with Allah (shirk); witchcraft; killing a soul whom Allah has forbidden us to kill, except in cases dictated by Islamic law; devouring orphans’ wealth; consuming Riba; fleeing from the battlefield; and slandering chaste and innocent women.”
- Shirk is ascribing partners with Allah, and is indeed the greatest of all sins. It is stated in the Noble Qur’an: “Allah forgives not that partners should be set up with Him, but He forgives anything else, to whom He pleases. To set up partners with Allah is to devise a sin most heinous indeed” (Qur’an 4:48). https://quran.com/4/48
- Committing witchcraft is also a kind of shirk, because it involves worshipping the jinn as well as seeking their help to misguide people. The black magic that is used harms people and creates illusions by the means of jinn. The Prophet (pbuh) warned about fortune-tellers and said, “Whoever goes to a fortune-teller and asks him about something, his prayers will not be accepted for forty days”. [Sheeh Muslim]
- Murder or killing a soul whom Allah (swt) has forbidden us to kill is a great sin. Allah (swt) stats in the Noble Qur’an: “We ordained therein for them: “Life for life, eye for eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth, and wounds, equal for equal.” But if any one remits the retaliation by way of charity, it is an act of atonement for him. And if anyone fails to judge by (the light of) what Allah has revealed, they are (no better than) wrong-doers”. (Qur’an 5:45). https://quran.com/5/44
- Devouring an Orphan’s wealth is a not permissible as an orphan is weak and needs care, and a real believer must handle an orphan’s wealth properly and develop it rather than waste it uselessly.
- Consuming Riba (Usury or interest) is as explained by the Oxford dictionary, the action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest. This should not be mistaken with trading as “Allah has permitted trade and forbidden Riba” (Qur’an 2:275). Trading is permissible because it helps a poor man and any person who collects money and invests with it, but regarding Riba, the rich usually manipulate the poor and the poor end up becoming more miserable. https://quran.com/2/275
- Turning your back to your enemy and fleeing the battlefield is another sin. This is a sin as this act may affect the troops of believers and they may end up losing the battle and it is a form of treachery. “O you who believe, when you meet those who disbelieve marching to war, then turn not your backs to them. And whoever shall turn his back to them on that day- unless he turns aside for the sake of fighting or withdraws to a company then he, indeed, becomes deserving of Allah’s wrath and his abode is hell; and an evil destination shall it be.” (Qur’an 8:15-16). https://quran.com/8/15
- Slandering chaste women is by blaming and throwing false accusation on them. This also a sin if done against men. Allah (SWT) says: “Verily, those who accuse chaste women, who never even think of anything touching their chastity and are good believers – are cursed in this life and in the Hereafter, and for them will be a great torment” (Qur’an 24:23). https://quran.com/24/23
Anthropological perspective of religion
“…Challenged the rationalist notion that religion is simply a primitive and therefore outmoded form of the institutions we now encounter in truer form (law, politics, science) in modern life…”
(Genealogies of Religion Talal Asad 1993)
Interesting, Anthropology point of view always neutral.
Yet this separation of religion from power is a modern Western norm, the product of a unique post-Reformation history. Clifford Geertz’s “Religion as a Cultural System
The perspective of modern anthropology towards religion is the projection idea, a methodological approach which assumes that every religion is created by the human community that worships it, that “creative activity ascribed to God is projected from man
One major problem in the anthropology of religion is the definition of religion itself. At one time anthropologists believed that certain religious practices and beliefs were more or less universal to all cultures at some point in their development, such as a belief in spirits or ghosts, the use of magic as a means of controlling the supernatural, the use of divination as a means of discovering occult knowledge, and the performance of rituals such as prayer and sacrifice as a means of influencing the outcome of various events through a supernatural agency, sometimes taking the form of shamanism or ancestor worship. According to Clifford Geertz, religion is
- a system of symbols which acts to
- establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by
- formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and
- clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that
- the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.
Today, religious anthropologists debate, and reject, the cross-cultural validity of these categories (often viewing them as examples of European primitivism). Anthropologists have considered various criteria for defining religion – such as a belief in the supernatural or the reliance on ritual – but few claim that these criteria are universally valid.
Anthony F. C. Wallace proposes four categories of religion, each subsequent category subsuming the previous. These are, however, synthetic categories and do not necessarily encompass all religions.
- Individualistic: most basic; simplest. Example: vision quest.
- Shamanistic: part-time religious practitioner, uses religion to heal, to divine, usually on the behalf of a client. The Tillamook have four categories of shaman. Examples of shamans: spiritualists, faith healers, palm readers. Religious authority acquired through one’s own means.
- Communal: elaborate set of beliefs and practices; group of people arranged in clans by lineage, age group, or some religious societies; people take on roles based on knowledge, and ancestral worship.
- Ecclesiastical: dominant in agricultural societies and states; are centrally organized and hierarchical in structure, paralleling the organization of states. Typically deprecates competing individualistic and shamanistic cults.
Dutch maritime history begins with Herrings fishery
A new mechanism to solve the problem
1.A perfect time bounded approach
This is not nothing new, however, I start to realize that punctuality helps, a lot. Start running at exactly X:00 will help, at the latest X:30. For example, I woke up at 03:00 an continue to clean the house until 04:00 and start runningg after that.
2.A cyclic time approach (duodecimal)
I keep wake up at 03:00, try so hard but only be able to wake up around 05:00 and decided to run at 06:00, stop at 09:00. 09:00 to 18:00 is the working time, maximum. 18:00 start to having a dinner, while 21:00 should be dead at the bed of 6 hours quality sleep. While it reduced activity is since dusk.
Anjar Priandoyo 