Archive for the ‘Society’ Category
Kementerian
Anggaran Kemendagri 2022 Rp 3,034T
Anggaran PAN RB 2022 Rp 295M
Anggaran KPK 2022 Rp 1.3T
Anggaran Badan Intelejen Negara Rp 9,27 triliun
Anggaran BNN 2022 Rp1.8T, 2021 Rp1.4T
Anggaran Kementerian Investasi/BKPM 2022 Rp1.3T
Anggaran Kementerian PPN/Bappenas 2022 Rp 1.3T
Kemkes Jumlah Pegawai 50.938 (Fungsional 36rb, Pelaksana 14rb, Struktural 523)
Pan RB Jumlah Pegawai 500 (Fungsional 284, Pelaksana 153)
KPK Jumlah Pegawai 1585 (Pencegahan 225, Penindakan 392)
Power preserving corruption
Extractive and Power-Preserving Political Corruption. Inge Amundsen (2019)
The distinctions between:
- Political and bureaucratic corruption (cari duit)
- Extractive and power-preserving corruption (cari kekuasaan)
Political and bureaucratic corruption:
which is when political power-holders are enriching themselves by abusing their hold on power to extract from public and private resources. Extractive political corruption is bribery, embezzlement, and fraud for the benefit of individual power-holders and for the regime as such. Bribe taking in public procurement processes is often the biggest source.
Extractive political corruption:
which is when political power-holders are using the corruptly acquired means (and other state resources and privately held means), in illicit or immoral ways, to maintain and/or strengthen their hold on power.
The purpose of Power-preserving political corruption:
1.Build political support
2.Protection
3.Impunity (exemption from punishment or freedom from the injurious consequences of an action)
Method:
1.Favouritism (of which nepotism and clientelism is well known)
2.Co-optations (the act or process of being bribed or manipulated into changing sides)
3.Fraudulent manipulation of institutions (buying of votes in elections and parliaments is often a part of the picture)
Power is the near neighbour of necessity, Pythagoras
Pythagoras recognized two motives of human action, the first, issuing from a constrained nature called Necessity; the second emanating from a free nature, called Power, and both dependent upon an implied primordial law.
“Power” is the central organizing concept for politics. However, despite decades of debate across political science, sociology, and philosophy, scholars have not yet settled on a proper definition of power.
On the Concept of Power: Possibility, Necessity, Politics Guido Parietti
Interesting
Myth
Keyword: Demystification, Desacralisation, Desacralization of knowledge, Secularization of knowledge
Interesting, I learn so many things now. So many. I believe this because I have a better knowledge acquisition -as some of knowledge is not only a useless, fraud, but some knowledge is wrong, dangerous and desctructive. Knowledge still need to be tested.
I think, to be superior one must be doing this in very efficient. Therefore several myth should be avoided:
1.Meritocracy myth
2.Personalization myth
Ethnic Economy
The concept of ethnic economy is rooted in historical sociology and the thinking of some black Americans over a century ago. Classical sociologists such as Max Weber and Karl Marx believed that businesses in precapitalist societies practiced favoritism, nepotism, communalism, and exceptionalism in their operations, and that their decision making was shaped by ethnoreligious relationships rather than profit-maximizing motives.
Ethnic Economies
L. Lo, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009
An enclave economy is defined as an economic system in which an export based industry dominated by international or non-local capital extracts resources or products from another country. It was widely employed as a term to describe post-colonial dependency relations in the developing world, especially in Latin America. As part of the larger theoretical position usually called dependency theory. It was particularly popular in the 1960s and 1970s, and other issues took center stage in development economics at later periods. It was often associated with Marxism, thanks to writing by Paul Baran and Theotonio Dos Santos, though its tenets are only peripherally tied to classic Marxist theory.
An enclave economy is ethnically defined communities, often from developing countries, who reside and work sometimes illegally, sometimes under legal temporary admission contracts, or sometimes as legal immigrants in developed countries.
An ethnic economy could be defined as any situation where common ethnicity provides an economic advantage
Group Norms
“Group norms are the spoken or unspoken rules that guide how team members interact, collaborate effectively, and work efficiently”
When two people interact, they might be share similar characteristics, and as collective have a sense of unity, they already form a group (social group). Therefore, sense of unity is a must, sense of unity to achieve collective goals. However, not all social group have the same level of social cohesion, some of them does not have common goal, not have roles (division of labor), not have status (rank, hierarchy), not have norms (not have motivation to respect the norms, not have the sanctions. norms are shared standards of acceptable behavior by groups).
Once the social group formed, the need to maintain social order is mandatory. Without order, group will fail. Social control is foundation of social order (opposite social chaos, social order is contrasted to social chaos or disorder and refers to a stable state of society in which the existing social structure is accepted and maintained by its members). Coercion (deterrence is for dissuade) is the use of force to persuade someone to do something that they are unwilling to do.
To maintain social order, coercion is exercised. To exercise coercion, power is needed. Symbolic power (symbolic domination, symbolic violence (Pierre Bourdieu) as unconscious modes of social (cultural) domination occurring within the everyday social habits maintained over conscious subjects. Symbolic power accounts for discipline used against another to confirm that individual’s placement in a social hierarchy.
Sociology of Religion:
-Religion was an expression of social cohesion (Durkheim b1858, positivist).
-Religion is best understood as it responds to the human need for theodicy (answer on why there is undeserved good fortune and suffering in the world) and soteriology (answer on salvation – relief from suffering, and reassuring meaning as motivation) (Weber b1864, anti-positivist).
-Religion as both an expression of suffering and a protest against suffering. Marx viewed alienation as the heart of social inequality, (from this objectification (comodification) comes alienation), tendency towards religion as a tool or ideological state apparatus to justify this alienation
Notes: Religion is an agent of social control and thus strengthens social order. Levels of trust are higher in countries with less economic inequality
Wiki: Sociology of religion
Charisma, Control and Coercion
The authority to lead does not necessarily accrue to those with power. Without legitimacy, there can be no authority, without authority the party can not lead, if it does not lead it can not implement policy except through the use of raw, and inefficient, power; were a regime unable to implement policy without resort to violence against its population, its stability would not long be unchallenged.
Power has no legitimacy, no mandate, no office. Even the most ruthless tyrant, gets no where unless he can clothe himself with authority.
Daniel N. Nelson (1984). Charisma, Control, and Coercion: The Dilemma of Communist Leadership. Comparative Politics, 17(1), 1–15. doi:10.2307/421734
Philosophy – Existentialism and Absurdism
Existentialism: Form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on the subjective experience of thinking, feeling, and acting
Absurdism: The philosophical theory that life in general is absurd. This implies that the world lacks meaning or a higher purpose and is not fully intelligible by reason.
Søren Kierkegaard (b1813), Albert Camus (b1913)
Albert Camus: Philosophically, Camus’s views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He is also considered to be an existentialist, even though he firmly rejected the term throughout his lifetime. ref
Adidas’s famous tagline follows in the great sports apparel trend of inspirational mumbo-jumbo. It’ll also send you into an existential spiral.
How can impossible, an adjective, be nothing, a quantity? Is anything really impossible? What is nothing, anyway? I’m going to go read some Camus. ref
Anjar Priandoyo 