Posts Tagged ‘Sociology’
Sociological Theory
A theory is more impressive the greater is the simplicity of its premises, the more different are the kinds of things it relates and the more extended its range of applicability
Albert Einstein (quoted in Rifkin, 1980: 43)
Causal Interpretation = Premise = Logic
Marxist
- Perspective: Historical Materialism, Dialectic
- Causal Interpretation: Society gap cause conflict
- Implementation: For better society, a revolution should be made
Functionalist:
- Causal Interpretation: Deviant cause conflict
- Implementation: For better society, a welfare improvement should be made
Secular
- Causal Interpretation: Human cause advance
- Implementation: For better society, priority should be to human
Religious
- Causal Interpretation: Deity cause advance
- Implementation: For better society, priority should be to spiritual balance
MLP
- Causal Interpretation: Governance (Multi-layer actor) cause transition
- Implementation: For better society, energy policy should include multi-layer. E.g policy to subsidized renewable energy
- Purpose: To explain roles of governance
- Success: Explain household transition (why LPG is success and why Coal Briquette is not)
- Failure: Electricity transition case
TIS
- Causal Interpretation: Innovation cause transition
- Implementation: For better society, energy policy should promote innovation. E.g policy to subsidized solarpv
- Purpose: To explain roles of technology
- Success: Explain electricity innovation (Why Geothermal is success and why Solar PV is not)
- Failure: Coal briquette case, in contrast with successful LPG transition.
How to attack a theory
Counter Attack
Theory says: kemiskinan menciptakan kejahatan
Evidence: most of crime (in term of frequency) happen on poor area
Usage: to prevent crime, poverty alleviation is required
Critics: kemiskinan tidak menciptakan kejahatan, ignorance menciptakan kejahatan
Evidence: some of biggest crime (in term of amount) happen on rich area
Usage: to prevent crime, education is required
Sub Counter Attack
Theory says: kemiskinan menciptakan kejahatan
Sub Theory says: pengangguran menciptakan kemiskinan
Sub Theory says: pengangguran menciptakan kejahatan
Evidence: most of crime (in term of frequency) happen on poor area, conducted by jobless people
Usage: to prevent crime, mass employment is required
Why sociological theory is easy to be argued
Causation is a belief concept. People might believe that saving make people rich, saving cause rich. However this belief is not always true. When people save money, at certain amount they will consume into something that is not useful, for example they buy car. The car need gas, need insurance and at some point is broken and it makes that people poor.
However in research (argumentative, opinion based writing), people might argue that saving will make people to live frugal, therefore saving will not make people buy expensive car. The proponent of this theory will explain that if people always save money they will be rich, if people save 20% of its income for duration 10 years they will reach 1,000 USD (for example, that is quantitative analysis). The scholar that use this research might argue that if a society does not save, they will become poor.
Let see MLP theory, criticized by Levidow and Upham (2017)
- Niche-innovations build up internal momentum, through learning processes, price/performance improvements, and support from powerful groups,
- Landscape-level changes create pressure on the regime and
- Regime destabilisation creates opportunities for niche innovations
When the theory wrong
This theory might be wrong if there is one example that can prove each causation belief is wrong. For example, in MLP case, landscape-level changes not always create pressure e.g palm oil pressure in Indonesia, although international NGO give pressures, nothing happen. Regime destabilisation is prove to be wrong, for example with NEP 2006, but no results. So there must be another explanation which not based on MLP
When the theory right
Well in some cases such as geothermal might be right (maybe)
Is it useful?
Always, to explain the layer of transition . Belief that transition occur in multilayer.
Conceptualization of Technology
Technology is invention of tangible things and skills (Rip and Kemp 1998)
Technology does not determine human action, but that rather, human action shapes technology
SCOT (Bijker and Pinch 1984)
Case study:
Bakelite (Early Plastic) Leo Baekeland in Yonkers, New York, in 1907.
Science, knowledge, Technology is social construction
Update 23 Aug 2017
Saya membaca paper mengenai “teknologi”, dejavu seperti membaca paper mengenai “scenario”. Ilmuwan selalu memulai bahasannya dengan konseptualisasi. Jadi menulis tentang scenario mulai dengan konseptualisasi scenario, e.g scenario itu apa, bagaimana, kapan dst. Sama seperti teknologi bicara konseptualisasi energi, berupa pernyataan seperti: Teknologi itu tangiable, itu transformer, itu key aspects (Rip and Kemp 1998). Setelah konsepnya jelas, baru masuk ke konsep utama, e.g Technological Change. Dimana mendapat konseptual ini? adanya di buku. Bukan di paper.
Sebenarnya konseptualisasi ini juga bukan barang baru. Konseptualisasi teknologi sudah mulai jauh sebelumnya dengan SCOT (Social Construction of Technology), ini sudah didefine dari tahun 1970-an, cuman luas sekali. Yang lebih spesifik diarahkan ke sustainability adalah yang Rip dan Kemp tadi. Jadi dalam membuat konseptualiasi, sanad itu sangat penting.
Causation (Sociology)
The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles
View on crime:
- Functionalist view on crime is an inevitable and normal aspect of social life
- Marxist view on crime as a result of inequality and poverty, which caused by oppression and exploitation of the majority
- Feminist view on crime as womens crimes are largely the crimes of the powerless, crime as rational alternative
- Postmodernist view crime as expression of those with power of how people should conduct themselves and denies peoples freedom
- Interactionist view on crime as no actions are by nature criminal or deviant it depends on the norms of the society
View on religion:
- Functionalist view religion as a contributor to the fulfilment of social order and stability
- Marxists view religion as feature only of class divided society
- Feminists view religion as partriarchal that legitimates female subordination
- Postmodernist view on religion as consumerism and privatised form, is not decling but simply taking a different
- Interactionists view on religion as socially constructed and emerges when there is historical or social change
Notes:
whichever class controls the economic production also controls the production and distribution of ideas in society via institutions such as church, education system and the media
Women have not always been subordinate to men in religion, 6000 years ago (earth mother goddes, fertility cult, female priesthoods), 400 years ago shift toward monotheistics religion (patriarchial)
Update 23 Aug 2017: Causation
Marxist view crime as causation.
- Poverty cause crime
- Effect of poverty is crime
- Consequences of poverty is crime
However, functionalist view crime as a fact (social fact). For durkheim crime is inevitable, as safety valve, a warning device, an anomie (Merton).
Some researcher might think that complexity is a causation, well in some cases it can be seen as only a social fact. (the problem of social thinker is overthinking, they try to relate everything).
Postmodernism (Sociology)
Agama menurut Karl Marx adalah candu, candu yang digunakan elit penguasa kepada kelas pekerja sebagai false hope. Tapi, menurut Marx juga, agama adalah “form of protest”, sarana untuk protes yang digunakan oleh kelas pekerja terhadap kondisi ekonomi dan keterasingannya. Jadi, seorang Karl Marx saja, tidak bisa mendefinisikan religion dengan jelas, disatu sisi positif, disisi lain negatif.
Postmodern view on religion:
Postmodern resulted in
- decline of dominant religions
- growth of fundamentalism
- spread of new religious organisations
Postmodern view on crime:
- New definition of crime (e.g using power to show disrespect to others)
- Private security
https://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=696192
E-KTP
2011, Nazaruddin flag,
2014, KPK raised
http://bisnis.liputan6.com/read/2308061/lapangan-kepodang-mulai-produksi-gas-bumi
https://nusantara.news/ini-asal-muasal-terbongkarnya-mega-skandal-kasus-e-ktp/
https://seword.com/umum/terjadi-di-era-sby-kasus-korupsi-e-ktp/
Banyak teori, posmo, feminin
Setiap orang pada dasarnya menyadari dimana posisinya dalam masyarakat, secara ekonomi apakah orang kaya/miskin, secara pendidikan apakah terdidik/tidak, secara ras, agama, suku. Setiap orang pada dasarnya juga menyadari dirinya memiliki cita-cita untuk mencapai sesuatu yang lebih baik, juga menyadari apa yang sedang terjadi.
Orang yang tinggal di Indonesia misalnya menyadari bahwa terjadi perubahan sosial pada tahun 1998. Namun, kesimpulan yang dihasilkan berbeda. Orang bisa berpendapat bahwa dari era orba ke era reformasi tidak ada yang berubah, elit tetap diatas, mayoritas tetap dibawah, ini perspectives functionalism. Tapi, orang juga bisa berpendapat, bahwa sepanjang waktu, perubahan terjadi, dan merupakan bentuk konflik dari masyarakat. Masyarakat yang ditekan pada masa orba, melawan dimasa era reformasi. Masyarakat yang ditekan di era reformasi melawan di era selanjutnya, ini perspectives conflict. Sementara, ada orang yang
two important forces
– religion
– media
– education
– government
– corporations
keyword:
social structure theoretical perspectives
social change theoretical perspectives
change theoretical perspectives
