Posts Tagged ‘Doctrine’
Contrasting Opinion: Old vs New Philosophy
Secara klasik di Indonesia, filfasat hanya belajar tiga hal: Ontologi (Klasifikasi, Taxonomy, Naming Convention, Metaphysics, Study of Reality, Existence), Epistemologi (Logika, Reasoning, Study of Knowledge, Knowledge Acquisition) dan Axiology (Morality).
Ontologi itu jelas, aturan penamaan, bahasa, aturan klasifikasi, rules. Axiologi (moral) itu
OPINION OLD VS NEW
- Metaphysics: Plato (b427BC) Idealism vs Aristotle Direct Realism (b384BC)
- Monasticism: Anthony the Great (b251) vs Hippo (b354)
- Ideology: Augustine Hippo Monasticism (b354) vs Aquinas’ Scholasticism (b1225)
- Reformation Counterreformation: Luther (b1483), Calvin (b1509) vs Loyola (b1491)
- Protestanism: Luther (b1483) vs Calvin (b1509)
- Scientific Method / Modern Philosophy: Descartes Platonic Theory (b1596) vs Francis Bacon Aristotelian Empiricism (b1561)
- Metaphysics: Descartes Dualism (b1596) vs Spinoza Single Substance (b1632)
- Government: Hobbes Law and Order (b1588) vs Rousseau Human Right (b1712), Locke (b1632) in the middle
- God: Spinoza Immanent (b1632) vs Leibniz (b1646) Transcendent
- Morality: Kant A priori principles (b1724) vs Hume Empiricism (b1711)
- Calculus: Leibniz (b1646) vs Newton (b1643)
- Government method: Voltaire Monarchy (b1650) vs Rousseau Democracy (b1712)
- Realism: Kant Direct realism (b1724) vs Locke Indirect realism (1632)
- Metaphysic Belief: Hegel (b1770) vs Kant (b1724)
- Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham (b1748) vs J.S. MIll (b1806)
- Psychology: Nietzsche (b1844) vs Freud (b1856)
- Quantum Mechanic: Einstein (b1879) vs Bohr (b1885)
- Scientific Method: Karl Popper (b1902) Falsification vs Thomas Kuhn (b1922) Paradigm Shift
CROSS GENERATION:
- Epistemology / Knowledge Aquisition: Rationalism Plato, Descartes, Spinoza vs Empiricism Locke Berkeley (b1685) vs Skeptism Hume
- Morality: Aristotelian Virtue Ethics vs Kant Duty Defined vs Consequentialist Utilitarian Bentham
PIONEER:
- Descartes: Everything against him, Spinoza, Kant,
- Kant: After since Kant, philosopher stopped talking about religion, Kant one of greatest German Philosopher
Wiki: Direct and indirect realism, Critique of the Kantian philosophy
Epistemology is the study of knowledge, while metaphysics is the study of reality. Epistemology looks at how we know what the truth is and whether there are limits to this knowledge, while metaphysics seeks to understand the nature of reality and existence
Matematika vs Fisika
Tergantung dari kacamatanya, ilmuwan yang hebat baik matematikawan maupun fisikawan, sangat tergantung dari perspective mana melihatnya.
Fisika Teoritis: Newton (b1643, 1687), Faraday (1831) dan Einstein (1905)
Ilmuwan tersebut menjelaskan hal yang paling fundamental dalam ilmu fisika: Force (gaya). Gaya tersebut bisa dijelaskan dalam 4 interaksi dasar. Yang pertama adalah gaya gravitasi, gaya lemah (Fermi, 1933), gaya elektromagnetik, dan gaya kuat / nuklir (Chadwick, 1932). Satuan gaya adalah Newton
Fisika Terapan: Watt (b1736), Faraday (b1791) dan Joule (b1818)
Mekanika, elektronika, termodinamika atau orang sekarang lebih mengenal dalam konsep energi atau tenaga. Contoh tenaga listrik (konsumsi dalam watt, tegangan dalam volt), bensin (MTOE), tenaga nuklir, tenaga panas, tenaga kinetik dan sejenisnya. Satuan energi adalah Joule
Fisika Modern: Einstein, Heisenberg dan Scrodinger
Matematika: Descartes-(Cartesian Coordinate) (1596), Newton-Calculus (1687) dan Gauss (b1777).
Nama-nama yang kalau hanya mendengar-nya saja sudah bikin sakit perut sewaktu SMA.
Matematika Terapan: (Komputer), Alan Turing-Machine (b1912) atau Shannon-Information Theory (b1916)
Matematika Filosofi, Galileo, Descartes-Rationalism (Cogito Ergo Sum, 1637), Kant (b1724), Ref: Ilmuwan
Mungkin, karena pendapat orang bisa berbeda-beda
17 Equations that changed the world
- Phythagoras (Phythagoras, 530 BC) a.a + b.b = c.c = 3.3 + 4.4 = 5.5 = 9 + 16 = 25
- Logarithms (Napier, 1610) log x.y = log x + log y = log 2.3 = log 2 + log 3 = 0.301030 + 0.477121 = 0.778151
- Calculus (Newton 1668)
- Gravity (Newton, 1687) (Gravitation Force)
- Square Root of Minus One (Euler, 1750)
- Polyhedra
- Normal Distribution
- Wave Equation
- Fourier Transform
- Navier-Stokes Equation > CFD
- Maxwell’s Equation (Electromagnetic Force)
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Relativity (Einstein, 1905)
- Schrodinger Equation (1927)
- Information Theory
- Chaos Theory
- Black-Scholes Equation
Definition: Doctrine, Schools of Thought, System of Belief
School of Philosophy
1. Rationalist (Descartes b1596, Kant b1724)
2. Empirist (Locke b1632, Hume-Scepticism b1711)
3. Idealist (Hegel b1770)
4. Materialist (Darwin b1809, Marx b1818, Hobbes-Classical-Realism b1588)
5. Phenomenologist (Husserl)
6. Existensialist (Nietzsche, Sartre)
7. Pragmatists (Peirce FO)
8. Post-Modernist (Derrida)
School of Politics (Ethics/Power)
1. Liberalism (Locke, Mill, Rousseau)
2. Conservatism (Hooker, Hume)
3. Socialism
4. Anarchism (Tolstoy)
5. Environmentalism (Feminist)
Schools of Economics (Ha Joon Chang 2014)
1. Classical (Adam Smith 1776)
2. Neoclassical (Alfred Marshall b1842)
3. Marxist
4. Developmentalist (Alexander Hamilton b1789)
5. Austrian
6. Schumpeterian
7. Keynesian
8. Institutionalist (Thorstein Veblen b1857)
9. Behaviouralist (Daniel Kahneman b1934, Economy Nobel 2002)
Schools of Legal System (Arminjon, Nolde)
1. French Group, Civil Napoleonic Code 1804
2. German Group
3. Scandinavian Group
4. English Group, Common Law
5. Russian Group
6. Religious Group (Islam, Christian, Hindu)
Schools of Jurisprudence
1. Natural Law
2. Legal Positivism
3. Legal Realism
4. Critical Legal Studies (1970)
Schools of Psychology
1. Structuralism (Wundt 1879)
2. Functionalism (James)
3. Psychoanalysis (Freud 1890): Jung (archetypes) vs Freud (sexual)
4. Behaviourism (Watson 1950)
5. Humanistic (Maslow, Roger)
6. Gestalt (Wertheimer)
7. Existensialism (Heidegger).
8. Cognitive (Neisser).
Schools of Management (Hitt 1979)
1. Classical (Scientific Taylor 1911, Administrative Fayol, Bureaucratic Weber)
2. Neo-Classical (Human Relations Mayo, Behavioral Maslow-McGregor-Lewin-Follet)
3. Modern Management (System Theory, Contingency, Organizational Humanism, Management Science)
Schools of Strategic Management (Mintzberg 1998)
1. Design: Process of conception
2. Planning: Formal process (Ansoff 1965)
3. Positioning: Analytical process (Porter)
4. Entrepreneur: Visionary process (Schumpeter)
5. Cognitive: Mental process (Simon & March)
6. Learning: Emergent process (Prahalad & Gamel)
7. Power: Process of negotiation
8. Cultural: Collective process
9. Environmental: Collective process
10. Configuration: Process of transformation (Mintzberg, Chandler)
Schools of Sociology
1.Structural Functionalism (Durkheim, Parsons)
2.Conflict Theory (Marx, Wright Mills)
3.Feminist Sociology (Dorothy Smith)
4.Symbolic Interactionism (Cooley, Herbert Mead, Weber)
Keyword: Aliran, Mahzab, School of Thought
Notes: The philosopher Karl Popper considered psychoanalysis to be a pseudo-science because it has produced so many hypotheses that cannot be refuted empirically.
Quora: Is Psychoanalysis a pseudoscience? psychoanalysis not only pseudoscience, its a religion
Anjar Priandoyo 