Contrasting Opinion: Old vs New Philosophy

Secara klasik di Indonesia, filfasat hanya belajar tiga hal: Ontologi (Klasifikasi, Taxonomy, Naming Convention, Metaphysics, Study of Reality, Existence), Epistemologi (Logika, Reasoning, Study of Knowledge, Knowledge Acquisition) dan Axiology (Morality).

Ontologi itu jelas, aturan penamaan, bahasa, aturan klasifikasi, rules. Axiologi (moral) itu

OPINION OLD VS NEW

• Metaphysics: Plato (b427BC) Idealism vs Aristotle Direct Realism (b384BC)
• Monasticism: Anthony the Great (b251) vs Hippo (b354)
• Ideology: Augustine Hippo Monasticism (b354) vs Aquinas’ Scholasticism (b1225)
• Reformation Counterreformation: Luther (b1483), Calvin (b1509) vs Loyola (b1491)
• Protestanism: Luther (b1483) vs Calvin (b1509)
• Scientific Method / Modern Philosophy: Descartes Platonic Theory (b1596) vs Francis Bacon Aristotelian Empiricism (b1561)
• Metaphysics: Descartes Dualism (b1596) vs Spinoza Single Substance (b1632)
• Government: Hobbes Law and Order (b1588) vs Rousseau Human Right (b1712), Locke (b1632) in the middle
• God: Spinoza Immanent (b1632) vs Leibniz (b1646) Transcendent
• Morality: Kant A priori principles (b1724) vs Hume Empiricism (b1711)
• Calculus: Leibniz (b1646) vs Newton (b1643)
• Government method: Voltaire Monarchy (b1650) vs Rousseau Democracy (b1712)
• Realism: Kant Direct realism (b1724) vs Locke Indirect realism (1632)
• Metaphysic Belief: Hegel (b1770) vs Kant (b1724)
• Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham (b1748) vs J.S. MIll (b1806)
• Psychology: Nietzsche (b1844) vs Freud (b1856)
• Quantum Mechanic: Einstein (b1879) vs Bohr (b1885)
• Scientific Method: Karl Popper (b1902) Falsification vs Thomas Kuhn (b1922) Paradigm Shift

CROSS GENERATION:

• Epistemology / Knowledge Aquisition: Rationalism Plato, Descartes, Spinoza vs Empiricism Locke Berkeley (b1685) vs Skeptism Hume
• Morality: Aristotelian Virtue Ethics vs Kant Duty Defined vs Consequentialist Utilitarian Bentham

PIONEER:

• Descartes: Everything against him, Spinoza, Kant,
• Kant: After since Kant, philosopher stopped talking about religion, Kant one of greatest German Philosopher

Wiki: Direct and indirect realism, Critique of the Kantian philosophy

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, while metaphysics is the study of reality. Epistemology looks at how we know what the truth is and whether there are limits to this knowledge, while metaphysics seeks to understand the nature of reality and existence

Philosophy, The Greatest Philosophers of All Time

Philosophy, the greatest philosophers of all time. My first effort to understand philosophy.

No	Philosopher	Google	AM	BBC	BN	LR	CT	DailyMail	TR	Period	Impact
1	Thomas Aquinas	3		7		10		9	6	1225-1274
2	William of Occam							10		1288-1348
3	Niccolo Machiavelli		10							1469-1527	1513 The Prince
4	Francis Bacon	11								1561-1626
5	Thomas Hobbes	16			19	15				1588-1679
6	Rene Descartes	6	2		12	5			4	1596-1650	Modern Philosophy Father
7	Baruch Spinoza	10			14	13				1632-1677
8	John Locke	9			9	8			10	1632-1704	1st British Empirist
9	Isaac Newton				4					1643-1727
10	Gottfried Leibniz					12		2		1646-1716
11	David Hume	14		2	5	4		6		1711-1776	British Empiricists
12	JJ Rousseau		5			20				1712-1778
13	Immanuel Kant	5		6	1	3		5		1724-1804
14	GWF Hegel	12			17	11				1770-1831
15	Arthur Schopenhauer				16					1788-1860
16	John Stuart Mill	18				14		1		1806-1873	Classical Liberalism
17	Soren Kierkegaard				7	19				1813-1855	Existentialism Father
18	Karl Marx	7	3	1	13	17				1818-1883
19	Charles Peirce				18					1839-1914	Pragmatism Father
20	Friedrich Nietzsche	4	4	4	10	18				1844-1900
21	Frege					9				1848-1925
22	Edmund Husserl				3					1859-1938	Phenomenology
23	Bertrand Russel	13								1872-1970
24	Ludwig Wittgenstein	8		3	8	7				1889-1951
25	Martin Heidegger				2					1889-1976	Existential Phenomenology
26	Karl Popper			10	6			4		1902-1994
27	Jean-Paul Sartre		9		11					1905-1980	Existentialism
28	Maurice Merleau-Ponty				15					1908-1961
29	Donald Davidson							7		1917-2003
30	John Rawls							8		1921-2002
31	Michel Foucault		8		20					1926-1884
32	Hilary Putnam						10			1926-3000
33	Jurgen Habermas						1			1929-3000
34	Jacques Derrida	17								1930-2004
35	John Searle						4			1932-3000
36	Thomas Nagel						8			1937-3000
37	Saul Kripke						3			1940-3000
38	Derek Parfit						9			1942-3000
39	John McDowell						7			1942-3000
40	Daniel Dennett						2			1942-3000
41	Marth Nussbaum						5			1947-3000
42	David Chalmers						6			1966-3000
43	Avicenna								7	980-1037
44	Augustine of Hippo	20				16				354-430
45	Paul of Tarsus								3	5-067
46	Zeno of Citium								8	BC 336-265	Stoic
47	Epicurus								9	BC 341-270
48	Aristotle	1	1	9		2		3	1	BC 384-322
49	Plato	2		5		1			2	BC 429-347
50	Socrates	19	6	8		6				BC 469-399
51	Confucius	15	7						5	BC 551-479

Code:

1. AM (askmen)
2. BN (bryannelson)
3. LR (leiterreports)
4. CT (theculturetrip)
5. TR (therichest)
6. DM (dailymail)
7. BB-V (bbc)
8. GS Google: List of Philosopher

Matematika vs Fisika

Tergantung dari kacamatanya, ilmuwan yang hebat baik matematikawan maupun fisikawan, sangat tergantung dari perspective mana melihatnya.

Fisika Teoritis: Newton (b1643, 1687), Faraday (1831) dan Einstein (1905)
Ilmuwan tersebut menjelaskan hal yang paling fundamental dalam ilmu fisika: Force (gaya). Gaya tersebut bisa dijelaskan dalam 4 interaksi dasar. Yang pertama adalah gaya gravitasi, gaya lemah (Fermi, 1933), gaya elektromagnetik, dan gaya kuat / nuklir (Chadwick, 1932). Satuan gaya adalah Newton

Fisika Terapan: Watt (b1736), Faraday (b1791) dan Joule (b1818)
Mekanika, elektronika, termodinamika atau orang sekarang lebih mengenal dalam konsep energi atau tenaga. Contoh tenaga listrik (konsumsi dalam watt, tegangan dalam volt), bensin (MTOE), tenaga nuklir, tenaga panas, tenaga kinetik dan sejenisnya. Satuan energi adalah Joule

Fisika Modern: Einstein, Heisenberg dan Scrodinger

Matematika: Descartes-(Cartesian Coordinate) (1596), Newton-Calculus (1687) dan Gauss (b1777).
Nama-nama yang kalau hanya mendengar-nya saja sudah bikin sakit perut sewaktu SMA.

Matematika Terapan: (Komputer), Alan Turing-Machine (b1912) atau Shannon-Information Theory (b1916)

Matematika Filosofi, Galileo, Descartes-Rationalism (Cogito Ergo Sum, 1637), Kant (b1724), Ref: Ilmuwan

Mungkin, karena pendapat orang bisa berbeda-beda

17 Equations that changed the world

1. Phythagoras (Phythagoras, 530 BC) a.a + b.b = c.c = 3.3 + 4.4 = 5.5 = 9 + 16 = 25
2. Logarithms (Napier, 1610) log x.y = log x + log y = log 2.3 = log 2 + log 3 = 0.301030 + 0.477121 = 0.778151
3. Calculus (Newton 1668)
4. Gravity (Newton, 1687) (Gravitation Force)
5. Square Root of Minus One (Euler, 1750)
6. Polyhedra
7. Normal Distribution
8. Wave Equation
9. Fourier Transform
10. Navier-Stokes Equation > CFD
11. Maxwell’s Equation (Electromagnetic Force)
12. Second Law of Thermodynamics
13. Relativity (Einstein, 1905)
14. Schrodinger Equation (1927)
15. Information Theory
16. Chaos Theory
17. Black-Scholes Equation

Definition: Doctrine, Schools of Thought, System of Belief

School of Philosophy
1. Rationalist (Descartes b1596, Kant b1724)
2. Empirist (Locke b1632, Hume-Scepticism b1711)
3. Idealist (Hegel b1770)
4. Materialist (Darwin b1809, Marx b1818, Hobbes-Classical-Realism b1588)
5. Phenomenologist (Husserl)
6. Existensialist (Nietzsche, Sartre)
7. Pragmatists (Peirce FO)
8. Post-Modernist (Derrida)

School of Politics (Ethics/Power)
1. Liberalism (Locke, Mill, Rousseau)
2. Conservatism (Hooker, Hume)
3. Socialism
4. Anarchism (Tolstoy)
5. Environmentalism (Feminist)

Schools of Economics (Ha Joon Chang 2014)
1. Classical (Adam Smith 1776)
2. Neoclassical (Alfred Marshall b1842)
3. Marxist
4. Developmentalist (Alexander Hamilton b1789)
5. Austrian
6. Schumpeterian
7. Keynesian
8. Institutionalist (Thorstein Veblen b1857)
9. Behaviouralist (Daniel Kahneman b1934, Economy Nobel 2002)

Schools of Legal System (Arminjon, Nolde)
1. French Group, Civil Napoleonic Code 1804
2. German Group
3. Scandinavian Group
4. English Group, Common Law
5. Russian Group
6. Religious Group (Islam, Christian, Hindu)

Schools of Jurisprudence
1. Natural Law
2. Legal Positivism
3. Legal Realism
4. Critical Legal Studies (1970)

Schools of Psychology
1. Structuralism (Wundt 1879)
2. Functionalism (James)
3. Psychoanalysis (Freud 1890): Jung (archetypes) vs Freud (sexual)
4. Behaviourism (Watson 1950)
5. Humanistic (Maslow, Roger)
6. Gestalt (Wertheimer)
7. Existensialism (Heidegger).
8. Cognitive (Neisser).

Schools of Management (Hitt 1979)
1. Classical (Scientific Taylor 1911, Administrative Fayol, Bureaucratic Weber)
2. Neo-Classical (Human Relations Mayo, Behavioral Maslow-McGregor-Lewin-Follet)
3. Modern Management (System Theory, Contingency, Organizational Humanism, Management Science)

Schools of Strategic Management (Mintzberg 1998)
1. Design: Process of conception
2. Planning: Formal process (Ansoff 1965)
3. Positioning: Analytical process (Porter)
4. Entrepreneur: Visionary process (Schumpeter)
5. Cognitive: Mental process (Simon & March)
6. Learning: Emergent process (Prahalad & Gamel)
7. Power: Process of negotiation
8. Cultural: Collective process
9. Environmental: Collective process
10. Configuration: Process of transformation (Mintzberg, Chandler)

Schools of Sociology
1.Structural Functionalism (Durkheim, Parsons)
2.Conflict Theory (Marx, Wright Mills)
3.Feminist Sociology (Dorothy Smith)
4.Symbolic Interactionism (Cooley, Herbert Mead, Weber)

Keyword: Aliran, Mahzab, School of Thought

Notes: The philosopher Karl Popper considered psychoanalysis to be a pseudo-science because it has produced so many hypotheses that cannot be refuted empirically.

Quora: Is Psychoanalysis a pseudoscience? psychoanalysis not only pseudoscience, its a religion